Verbs – Động từ – Phần 1 – Bộ chuyên đề ôn HSG, TN THPT QG cao cấp

CHUYÊN ĐỀ II: WORD CLASSES

CHUYÊN ĐỀ VỀ TỪ VỰNG

VERBS – ĐỘNG TỪ – Lý thuyết

I. Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences. Động từ dung để diễn tả hành động, hoạt động, trạng thái và sự tồn tại.

Classification: phân loại động từ

1. Auxiliary verbs: động từ trợ

1.1. Primary auxiliary verbs: Động từ trợ chính – là những động từ vừa có thể đảm nhận chức năng của một động từ chính, vừa có chức năng của động từ trợ. Gồm một số động từ như: be/ have/ do/need, etc. (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs)

a. Be:
+ Main verb:	e.g.   She is the head of our company.
		S				V
		Lan has been to all big cities in Vietnam.
		S					V
		Be careful! Don’t be afraid to go!

Auxiliary verb:

e.g. She is doing  her homework.

		Lan was punished due to her carelessness.
		S		Aux  V
b. Have:
+ Main verb:	e.g.   She has a lot of acquaintances but just a few close friends.
		S			V
		They were having the time of their life.

Auxiliary verb:  e.g.   They had had a car before we afforded one.

		Lan was punished due to her carelessness.
		S		Aux  V
b. Have:
+ Main verb:	e.g.   She has a lot of acquaintances but just a few close friends.
		S			V
		They were having the time of their life.

Auxiliary verb:  e.g.   They had had a car before we afforded one.

She has studied here for five years now.

S

Aux

V

c. Do:

+ Main verb:

e.g.

She does morning exercises regularly.

S

V

They did all they could in order to better their lives.

S

V

+ Auxiliary verb:

e.g.

She doesn’t go jogging because the weather is so wet.

S

Aux

V

Lan did do that I think.

S

Aux V

d. Need

+ Main verb:

e.g.

She needs to start in order to get the last train to London.

S

V

Some more materials are urgently needed.

S

V

+ Auxiliary verb:

e.g.

You needn’t hurry as we have much time left.

S

Aux

V

He need not say anything as it is not important for him to.

S

Aux

V

1.2. Modal verbs: Các động từ khuyết thiếu (động từ tình thái – Động từ được coi là động từ khuyết thiếu gồm: can/ could/ may/might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/) tự thân không bảo đảm nghĩa cho câu nó cần kết hợp với một động từ mang nghĩa để hoàn thành nghĩa cho câu. Việc phát âm các động từ tình thái được thực hiện dưới hình thức strong form và weak form (xem chương trình sách giáo khoa Tiếng Anh 12 – NXB Giáo Dục Việt Nam 2006). Một số động từ tình thái và cách sử dụng cụ thể được trình bày dưới đây. (These are sometimes functional verbs).

a. “Can” is used to denote:

– ability:        e.g.      She can swim.

– deduction: e.g.       He gets up a bit later than usual so he can be late for school.

(high certainty)

speculation: e.g.  He hasn’t come up yet. He can have had something to do at home.

– others:	e.g.	Can you help me? Or Can I help you? (ask for help or offer to help)
		You can win if you want. (possibility)
– etc.
b. “Could” is used to denote:
– ability:	e.g.	She could swim when she was only eight.
– deduction: e.g.		He could be absent from school as he felt ill last night.
		(high certainty)
– speculation: e.g.		He hasn’t come up yet. He could have had trouble with his bike.
– others:	e.g.	Could you tell me how to get to the Square, please?
		(ask for direction)
		Could you speak louder, please! (polite request)
– etc.

c. “Be able to – inf” is used to denote

– ability:        e.g.      She was able to swim when she was only eight.

– future:          e.g.      He will be able to gain a seat at a university.

Note: “Be able to – inf”, to some extent, functions as “can” (present tense); “could” (past tense) and replaces “can” in future tense, but in fact, “Be able to – inf” denotes the ability at the time of speaking.

– etc.

d. “May” is used to denote:

– possibility: e.g.		It may rain soon.
– deduction: e.g.		He may be selected as our new manager. (low certainty)
– speculation:		e.g.   He hasn’t come up yet. He may have changed his mind.
		(low certainty)
– others:	e.g.	May I say something? (ask for permission)
– etc.
e. “Might” is used to denote:
– possibility: e.g.		It might be a nice day there then.
– deduction: e.g.		He might be selected as our new manager. (lower certainty)
– speculation:		e.g.   He hasn’t come up yet. He might have changed his mind.
		(lower certainty)
– etc.
f. “Must” is used to denote:
– obligation: e.g.		I must work hard to please my parents. (I myself want to do so.)
– deduction: e.g.		He must be selected as our new manager. (certainty)

speculation: e.g.  He hasn’t come up yet. He must have changed his mind.

(certainty)

g. “Have to – inf” is used to denote :

– compulsion:		e.g.  I have to work hard to please my parents.
		(My parents want me to do so.)
– past:	e.g.	He had to work hard to please his parents.
		(replace must in the past)
– future:	e.g.	He will have to work hard to please his parents.
		(replace must in the future)

h. “Ought to – inf” is used to denote:

I ought to write to him right now.

You oughtn’t to go now.

– A: Ought she to leave?			– B: Yes, I suppose she should.
– etc.
i. “Will” is used to denote:
– future:	e.g.	Our course will end in July.
– promise:	e.g.	I will try my best to win her heart. (also used as a swear)
– invitation: e.g.		My party is on Monday night, will you come?
– etc.
j. “Would” is used to denote:
– future in the past: e.g.			He said he would help me.
– invitation:		e.g.	Would you like a cold drink?
– possibility:		e.g.	If he tried harder, he would be successful now.
– etc.
k. “Shall” is used to denote:
– future:	e.g.	I shall be the 12th grade student next month.
		(for the subjects of I & We and formal way only)
– suggestion: e.g.		Shall we meet outside the theatre?
– etc.
l. “Should” is used to denote:
– past form of shall: e.g.			I told him that I should be there.
– advice:		e.g.	We should do more to protect the wildlife.

Lexical verbs: Động từ mang nghĩa là những động từ mang nghĩa chính cho câu, được chia làm hai loại chính là nội động từ và ngoại động từ phụ thuộc vào tính chất truyền tải ý nghĩa của động từ. Động từ mang nghĩa gồm hai phân nhóm chính là Nội động từ và Ngoại động từ như mô tả dưới đây:

2.1. Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without any complementation. Nội động từ là những động từ mà tự thân có thể bảo đảm nghĩa cho câu, mà không có sự trợ giúp của tân ngữ

e.g.      She cried (noisily).

S      V         A

It rains (hard).

S  V        A

It is raining (heavily).

S        V              A

The wind was blowing (hard).

S                  V                 A

They laughed (happily).

S          V         A

Linking verbs: Động từ nối là những động từ có thể theo sau bởi các tính từ (bổ ngữ). Gồm: become; feel; seem; look; appear; turn; grow; taste; smell; sound; stay; keep; etc

e.g.

She became exhausted after a long walk.

S

V

C

He felt a bit bored.

S  V

C

He seemed indifferent.

S

V

C

Pete looked tired. Nhưng Pete looked tiredly at the man behind.

S

V

C

S

V

A

Lan appeared nicer after having made up carefully.

S

V

C

As he grew older, he seemed more active.

S

V

C

S  V

C

They tried to keep calm during the discussion.

S

V

C

The title of this book sounds interesting.

S

V

C

The food tasted delicious. But, he tasted the food deliciously.

S

V

C

S  V

O

A

2.2. Transitive verbs: verbs that need objects as the complementation. Là những động từ tự thân không đảm bảo nghĩa cho câu mà cần có các tân ngữ đi kèm, được chia làm ba nhóm chính sau.

Mono-transitive verbs: (Ngoại động từ đơn) verbs that followed by one object – là những động từ chỉ cần một tân ngữ theo kèm theo mẫu câu:

S – V – O

e.g. She bought some kinds of flowers.

S      V                    O

Ann met her fiancé yesterday.

S     V          O

They like apples very much.

S      V      O

He did a lot of sight-seeing during his vacation.

S     V              O

Lan took many photos when she went shopping in the city centre.

S          V         O

Di-transitive verbs: (Ngoại động từ đa) verbs that followed by both direct and indirect objects – Là những động từ mà theo sau là cả tân ngữ trực tiếp và gián tiếp.

Những động từ thường gặp nhóm này gồm bring, build, buy, cut, draw, feed, tell, find, get, give, hand, leave, lend, write, make, offer, owe, paint, pass, pay, promiss, read, sell, send, show, teach, etc.theo mẫu câu

S – V – O – O

Một số động từ cần lưu ý:

one form

• “buy somebody something” e.g. She bought me some sweets.
• “explain to somebody (about) something”

e.g. He explained to me the rules.

• “give somebody something” e.g. Pete gave me a wink.
• “lend somebody something” e.g. Paul lent me $100 yesterday.

“make somebody something”

e.g. They made me some sandwiches.

• “send somebody something” e.g. Laura sends me a letter.
• “bring somebody something” e.g. She brought me a pen.
• “fix somebody something” e.g. He fixed me a drink.
• “owe somebody something” e.g. He owed Janet a drink.

“draw somebody something” e.g. He drew Janet a portrait

• the other form
• “buy s.t for somebody”
• g. She bought some sweets for me “explain (about) something to somebody”
• g. He explained the rules to me. “give something to somebody” e.g. Pete gave a wink to me.
• “lend something to somebody” e.g. Paul lent $100 to me yesterday. “make something for somebody”
• g. They made some sandwiches for me. “send something to somebody”

e.g. Laura sends a letter to me. “bring something for somebody” e.g. She brought a pen for me. “fix something for somebody” e.g. He fixed a drink for me. “owe something to somebody” e.g. He owed a drink to Janet. “draw something for somebody” e.g. He owed a portrait for Janet

• Complex transitive verbs: follow by an object and its compliment. Ta gọi loại động từ này là ngoại động từ phức hợp, và động từ này tuân theo công thức:

S – V – O – C

Một số động từ thuộc loại này được ví dụ cụ thể như dưới đây:

   Make: e.g.            The film made me bored.

• I was bored with the film.

The film bored me

• I found the film boring.

   Get:  e.g.               He gets everything ready for her trip.

• Everything for her chip is prepared well by her.

   Find: e.g.              They found the long walk tiring.

• The long walk tired them.
• They were tired of the long walk.
• The long walk made them tired.

         Drive: e.g.      His jokes drove me mad.

Affixations: phụ tố để tạo động từ

1. en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to). Ta có thể thêm vào trước hoặc sau một số danh từ hay tính từ để tạo thành động từ. Mô tả như dưới đây

		prefix					suffix
root words				verbs		root words				verbs
courage				encourage		length				lengthen
danger				endanger		strength				strengthen
roll				enroll		broad				broaden
act				enact		rich				richen
large				enlarge		wide				widen
rich				enrich		worse				worsen

ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify). Ta có thể thêm vào sau một số tính từ để tạo thành động từ. Mô tả như dưới đây”:

adjectives

verbs

adjectives

verbs

critic

criticize

capital

capitalize

maximum

maximize

equal

equalize

minimum

minimize

industrial

industrialize

modern

modernize

natural

naturalize

popular

popularize

real

realize

IV. Sentence models:

1

S + V-intrans

They laugh.

S

V

The wind is blowing.

S

V

2

S + V-monotrans + O

He did his homework.

S

V

O

Harley carried an umbrella.

S

V

O

3

S + V-in/ extensive + Cs

He became famous.

S

V

C

They are nearly exhausted.

S

V

C

4

S + V-intrans + A

He went abroad.

S

V

A

She arrives late.

S

V

A

5

S + V-ditrans + O + O

She buys me presents.

S

V

O

O

That brings my father success.

S

V

O

O

6

S + V-complex trans + O + C

The story made me bored.

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Verbs – Động từ – Phần 2